&lt;p&gt;Tor&#039;s core encryption receives a critical overhaul with Counter Galois Onion (CGO) adoption,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;a research-driven upgrade enhancing user security against sophisticated threats.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This fundamental shift addresses critical weaknesses in the nameless predecessor (retroactively labeled tor1).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Three primary vulnerabilities prompted the replacement:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tagging attacks represent the most severe risk,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;allowing adversaries to manipulate traffic at one network point&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and detect alterations downstream to trace user activity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even unsuccessful attempts create exploitable side effects over time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Forward secrecy limitations constitute another flaw.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Unlike modern protocols (e.g., Signal) that destroy decryption keys immediately after use,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;tor1 reused AES keys throughout a circuit&#039;s lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compromising a live key exposed all prior communications on that circuit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A third issue involved tor1&#039;s insufficient 4-byte authenticator,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;offering a 1-in-4-billion chance of undetected message forgery.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While practical exploitation faced hurdles like circuit termination on failed attempts&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and existing pathbias defenses, stronger authentication was deemed essential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Implementation progress is actively underway.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CGO cryptography is functional in Arti (Tor&#039;s Rust implementation)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and integrated into the C codebase for relay compatibility.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Significant code refactoring was necessary to accommodate new relay cell structures&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;and multiple encryption methodologies, future-proofing the system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Next development priorities include:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Enabling stable CGO support by default in Arti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Implementing complex CGO negotiation for onion services (initially Arti-focused).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Optimizing performance for contemporary CPUs,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;leveraging initial promising results while tackling optimization challenges in C.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This transition marks a substantial leap in cryptographic resilience&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;for the Tor network&#039;s foundational data protection mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;
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